Daniel Grossman is a science journalist with 20 years of experience. He has reported from all seven continents, including from within 800 miles of both the south and north poles. He’s in Copenhagen to cover the Climate Summit for a variety of outlets. The World has asked him to file occasional blog posts. This is Daniel’s second post. His first, a look at a very eco-friendly house outside of Copenhagen, can be found here.

Richard Worthington. Photo by Daniel Grossman
Opinion researchers offer starkly differing conclusions. In one corner: Richard Worthington, a professor of political science at Pomona College in California. Worthington’s a wiry man with a handlebar mustache and sparkly eyes. Sitting in an office on the top floor Danish Technology board, in Copenhagen, he explains a study called World Wide Views that shows that 90% of Americans urgently want a tough, new agreement at the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen; that 71% want nations that fail to meet obligations under such an agreement to be penalized severely; and that 69% want the price of fossil fuels to increase. Countering these findings: the Pew Center on People and the Press, a non-partisan Washington think tank. The Pew Center says 57% of Americans believe Earth is getting warmer and 65% believe the problem is either “serious” or “very serious.” Worthington’s and Pew’s numbers refer to slightly different questions, making direct comparison uncertain; but the basic thrust is clear: compared to Worthington, Pew researchers say Americans are relatively less concerned about global warming. Moreover, the Pew figures have declined by around ten percent in the last 18 months, a trend that leaves some environmentalists perplexed.
Why the marked difference between the two studies? Is one “wrong” and the other “right?” Not exactly, says Worthington. The two studies measure different things. As Worthington explains, the Pew numbers come from brief surveys of Americans chosen at random and interviewed unannounced by phone. Respondents may have been reached just as they served dinner or as they put the baby to bed. Americans, generally polite and helpful, often overlook such impositions and patiently answer unsolicited questions. Judging from my own experience with evening pollsters, respondents to Pew callers probably replied kindly—despite the imposition—and answered every question, no matter how trivial or inconsequential the queries might have appeared. The pollsters got data. But does it mean anything? Would the respondents have answered differently had they thought (as some climate scientists believe) that the lives of their children and grandchildren depended on how seriously the U.S. takes this issue?

Results from the Pew Research Center for The People & The Press
Worthington says people respond differently—and more carefully—when they are provided factual information and given an opportunity to deliberate carefully on a topic, a process he refers to as “citizen consultation.” Researchers at the Danish Energy Board developed the World Wide Views survey. Danish experts and affiliated researchers, such as Worthington, administered the deliberations last October in 37 countries, including in 5 U.S. cities—Atlanta, Boston, Denver, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. Small groups of people were recruited with a $75 reward through ads on Craigslist and in newspapers. Worthington sent fliers to adult education schools. He says a diverse cross section of Americans joined the panels. World Wide Views sent participants concise briefing papers based on the most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the international scientific group that advises the UN on climate science. The citizen panels listened, discussed and deliberated for a day. After, they took a multiple-choice survey, much like the Pew poll. Worthington says in this case, however, the respondents knew what was a stake and answered accordingly.
Worthington has presented his results to President Obama’s Office of Science & Technology Policy and to the office of Todd Stern, the chief U.S. negotiator at the Copenhagen Climate Conference. They “expressed interest.” An upbeat man, Worthington says that eventually even polls, like those of the Pew Center, of distracted or uninformed people, will eventually show greater concern. If predictions of massive climate disruption pan out, he says, “the real world will affect people’s views.”
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