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This text below is a phonetic transcript of a radio story broadcast by PRI’s THE WORLD. It has been created on deadline by a contractor for PRI. The transcript is included here to facilitate internet searches for audio content. Please report any transcribing errors to theworld@pri.org. This transcript may not be in its final form, and it may be updated. Please be aware that the authoritative record of material distributed by PRI’s THE WORLD is the program audio.

MARCO WERMAN:  Training is key; not only for the Afghan Army, but for the suicide bombers the Army has to contend with.  Getting people to kill themselves for a cause takes a kind of psychological conditioning.  And researchers have been studying how this works, how it is that suicide bombers are created.  The World’s science correspondent Rhitu Chatterjee is here.

RHITU CHATTERJEE:  Hi Marco.

WERMAN: Hi Rhitu.

CHATTERJEE: Yes, so for my broadcast I interviewed science journalist and author [phonetic] Shankar Vendantam.  He has a new book and it’s called “The Hidden Brain, How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Precedents, Control Markets, Wage Wars and Save Lives”.  One of the chapters in this book is about the psychology of terrorists and suicide bombers.  Vendantam told me that psychologically, suicide bombers aren’t that different from you and me.

SHANKAR VENDANTAM:  There’s been a lot of interesting research conducted among suicide bombers who have failed to complete their missions and are now in prisons of various kinds around the world.  These psychological evaluations show that if anything, suicide bombers tend to have better mental health than the rest of us; they tend to be more idealistic than the rest of us.  They’re often not crazed, religious nuts as we usually think.  They’re also not necessarily people who themselves have suffered great acts of humiliation and are acting out these narratives of revenge.

WERMAN: Suicide bombers are mentally healthier and more idealistic than the rest of us.  So Rhitu, why would they then do something that most of us would deem extreme, irrational or unhealthy?

CHATTERJEE: It all has to do with group psychology Marco.  You have to remember that human beings are hard-wired to be strongly influenced by the people around us.  Whether it’s a group of investment bankers in the game of making money, or missionaries preparing to save the world, Vendantam says small groups of people develop their own norms and aspirations that are different from people outside the group.

WERMAN: Right.  But for suicide bombers the norms and aspirations are killing others and killing themselves.

CHATTERJEE: Right.  And of course the leaders of the terrorist groups are the ones that are creating this norm and imposing it on the young men and women.  Vendantam says that psychologically, the training process is like being in a tunnel.

VENDAMTAM: Within the tunnel that is the suicide bomber’s tunnel, becoming a suicide terrorist is not aberrational; it becomes aspirational.  And when you turn the norm so that suicide terrorism is not aberrational but aspirational, you no longer have to go out to recruit people to come to you.

CHATTERJEE: So you feel privileged to be here.

VENDAMTAM: You feel privileged to be a suicide bomber, so within the world of, for example, Islamic suicide terrorists today, becoming a suicide terrorist is not to be someone who is looked down upon as the dregs of society; it’s to become the rock star.

WERMAN: Wow.  And that sounds like a dangerous status for anyone who is hell-bent on destruction.  Fascinating stuff Rhitu, but we’ll have to leave it there.  Listeners can hear the rest of your interview, though, with Shankar Vendantam on your science pod cast.

CHATTERJEE: That’s right Marco.  I spoke with Vendantam about how unconscious psychological processes influence our decisions and behaviors in many ways.

WERMAN: To download The World’s science pod cast, go to the world dot org slash science.

CHATTERJEE: Yes.  And listeners can chat directly with Vendantam online.  He’s our guest through next week in The World Science Forum.  You can find that as well at the world dot org slash science.

WERMAN: Great stuff, thank you Rhitu.

CHATTERJEE: My pleasure.

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The World’s science reporter Rhitu Chatterjee explores such aid projects in our latest science podcast. It features an interview Anu Ramaswami, an environmental engineer at the University of Colorado in Denver. And listeners have a chance to ask Ramaswami their own questions in our online science forum.

Reporter Eliza Barclay has this story from Nicaragua where two American brothers tried a technological fix to poverty in that Central American country:

Barclay: Mathias Craig is an engineer and social entrepreneur. He’s obsessed with windmills.

M. Craig: To me they seem a perfect mix of an opportunity to do something that has sort of a social good and an environmental good.

Barclay: As a child, Craig spent a lot of time in Nicaragua, visiting impoverished villages that had no electricity. Later, as an adult, he got an idea: why not bring windmills to these villages? The windmills could provide clean power and help people escape poverty by lighting schools and health clinics and…creating jobs. Craig explored this idea as a graduate student at MIT.

M. Craig: I took a class called entrepreneurship in the developing world. So I combined that with my interest in Nicaragua from my childhood, and came up with blueEnergy.

blueEnergy founders Mathias Craig (left)and his brother Guillaume (courtesy of blueEnergy)

Barclay: BlueEnergy is a company Craig founded in 2004. He started it with his brother, Guillaume. Guillaume Craig now oversees the company’s headquarters in the town of Bluefields, on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua.

G. Craig: We started here in this workshop. It’s about 30 feet by 40 feet deep. So that was our space for the first couple years…

Barclay: Guillaume Craig walks around the cavernous building where blueEnergy’s technicians build wind turbines. He points to a turbine inside.

G. Craig: It’s got the magnets and the copper coils and the lights that light up…

Barclay: When the brothers arrived here, they had their work cut out for them: 80 percent of the coastal population lacked electricity.

The Craigs installed their first wind turbine in 2005, and since then they’ve added 11 more. Gradually, they’re reaching the forgotten outposts of the Nicaraguan coast, places like Monkey Point.

The

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Barclay: In this tiny community, a spindly white windmill towers above the mango trees and fishing boats.

Last year, blueEnergy installed the wind turbine and a handful of small solar panels. Together, they produce about half the energy consumed by a typical American home. But here it’s enough to power 27 households, a school and a health clinic, at least for part of the day. Locals appreciate the electricity.

Georgina Marque is a young mother of two (Photo: Eliza Barclay)

Marque: “Before we were using candles. Everyone did. Now it’s better that we have light. I use it to cook, make the bed in the evening. “

Barclay: But the arrival of electric power has not transformed this community in quite the way the Craig brothers had hoped. The town is still poor and jobs are scarce. And if you talk to locals, and ask them, what’s the best thing about having electricity? Here’s what they’ll tell you: television.

M. Craig: “We’ve had a lot of debates internally about that.”

Barclay: Mathias Craig says promoting TV was not why he and his partners started their venture.

M. Craig: “Definitely some people within the organization, within BlueEnergy, were a bit frustrated, a bit disappointed that they had worked so hard to bring development and opportunity to the community and here they were using it on television.”

Barclay: Some volunteers who came from America complained about locals frittering away the electricity on TV. In fact, many residents emptied their small savings to buy televisions to watch soap operas.

The Craigs learned a lesson: they can’t dictate how people use the energy they bring.

Now, Monkey Point residents contend television is educational. Wayne MacClean, who manages the windmill, says TV helps kids develop their language skills.

MacClean: “The children them could come and watch TV and develop their minds even with the one word or one letter of the alphabet.”

Wayne MacLean (Photo: Eliza Barclay)

Barclay: But whether or not television is an ideal use of the electricity blueEnergy provides, the Craig brothers say they’ve learned another, deeper lesson. People in places like Monkey Point need many things: good roads, clean water, education. And these may be more important than electricity. Guillaume Craig conceded this point over beers at a bar in Bluefields.

G. Craig: “Their priorities are not always energy. Sometimes they’re drinking water because they’re getting sick and the children are dying from diarrhea. But we don’t impose now energy as the “what we do.”

Barclay: The “what we do” of blueEnergy is now much broader. The Craig brothers have turned their energy company into an organization that takes a holistic approach to poverty. Mathias Craig says he now understands that alleviating poverty is more complex than installing windmills.

M. Craig: “When you come at it from a technology perspective, you think your end goal is you build the system, you install it, and it delivers energy. And you do that, and then you get to the end of the path, and then you realize that that’s not actually the end of the path. That’s somewhere near the beginning of the path.”

Barclay: The new beginning of the path is asking people what they need before deciding what to give them. And that’s something the Craigs are just learning to do.

For The World, I’m Eliza Barclay, Bluefields, Nicaragua.

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